AI

The Challenge of Model Validation Before diving into k-fold cross validation, it’s important to under

Systematic Approaches to Model Evaluation We need systematic ways to accomplish several key tasks in model

Understanding Latent Variables and Model Enhancement in Regression 1. Introduction to Latent Variables Late

# What could go wrong? – Heteroskedasticity – Multicollinearity – Latent variables # Usin

Model: $Y = \theta_0^* + \theta_1^* X_1 + \cdots + \theta_m^* X_m + \text{noise}$ We obtain estimate, $\hat

Key Concepts Distribution of estimator hat \hat{\theta} Standard error of an estimator and confidence inter

Notation Key Vectors: boldface Scalars: normal font X₂: second data record X₂: second component of dataset

Linear Regression Overview Main Objective Predict the value of an unobserved variable y based on knowledge

Learning Topics Linear regression Central methods in ML The concept of classification problem through graph

Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) K-Means Characteristics Cluster centers can be arbitrary points in space